Saturday, June 23, 2012

Monsignor convicted for covering up abuse claims

Monsignor William Lynn walks to the Criminal Justice Center before a scheduled verdict reading, Friday, June 22, 2012, in Philadelphia. Lynn is the first U.S. church official charged for allegedly helping an archdiocese cover up abuse claims. He faces about 10 to 20 years in prison if convicted of conspiracy and two counts of child endangerment. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)

Monsignor William Lynn walks to the Criminal Justice Center before a scheduled verdict reading, Friday, June 22, 2012, in Philadelphia. Lynn is the first U.S. church official charged for allegedly helping an archdiocese cover up abuse claims. He faces about 10 to 20 years in prison if convicted of conspiracy and two counts of child endangerment. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)

The Rev. James J. Brennan smiles during a news conference outside the Criminal Justice Center, Friday, June 22, 2012, in Philadelphia. Monsignor William Lynn was convicted Friday of child endangerment but acquitted of conspiracy in a groundbreaking clergy-abuse trial, becoming the first U.S. church official convicted of a crime for mishandling abuse claims. The jury could not agree on a verdict for Lynn's co-defendant, the Rev. James Brennan, who was accused of sexually abusing a 14-year-old boy. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)

Jury foreman Isa Logan speaks to reporters outside the Criminal Justice Center, Friday, June 22, 2012, in Philadelphia. Monsignor William Lynn was convicted Friday of child endangerment but acquitted of conspiracy in a groundbreaking clergy-abuse trial, becoming the first U.S. church official convicted of a crime for mishandling abuse claims. The jury could not agree on a verdict for Lynn's co-defendant, the Rev. James Brennan, who was accused of sexually abusing a 14-year-old boy. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)

Monsignor William Lynn walks to the Criminal Justice Center before a scheduled verdict reading, Friday, June 22, 2012, in Philadelphia. Lynn was convicted Friday of child endangerment but acquitted of conspiracy in a groundbreaking clergy-abuse trial, becoming the first U.S. church official convicted of a crime for mishandling abuse claims. The jury could not agree on a verdict for Lynn's co-defendant, the Rev. James Brennan, who was accused of sexually abusing a 14-year-old boy. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)

Monsignor William Lynn walks to the Criminal Justice Center before a scheduled verdict reading, Friday, June 22, 2012, in Philadelphia. Lynn is the first U.S. church official charged for allegedly helping an archdiocese cover up abuse claims. He faces about 10 to 20 years in prison if convicted of conspiracy and two counts of child endangerment. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)

(AP) ? A Roman Catholic church official was convicted of child endangerment but acquitted of conspiracy Friday in a landmark clergy-abuse trial, making him the first U.S. church official branded a felon for covering up abuse claims.

Monsignor William Lynn helped the archdiocese keep predators in ministry, and the public in the dark, by telling parishes their priests were being removed for health reasons and then sending the men to unsuspecting churches, prosecutors said.

Lynn, 61, served as secretary for clergy from 1992 to 2004, mostly under Cardinal Anthony Bevilacqua.

"Many in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia hierarchy had dirty hands," Philadelphia District Attorney Seth Williams said. "They failed to realize that the church is its people."

Williams said he did not have sufficient evidence last year to charge other officials, including Bevilacqua, who died in January at age 88.

Lynn had faced about 10 to 20 years in prison if convicted of all three counts he faced ? conspiracy and two counts of child endangerment. He was convicted of only a single endangerment count, which carries a possible 3 1/2- to seven-year prison term.

The jury could not reach a verdict for Lynn's co-defendant, the Rev. James Brennan, who was accused of sexually abusing a 14-year-old boy in 1999.

Despite Lynn's acquittal on the conspiracy charge, the trial exposed how deeply involved the late cardinal was in dealing with accused priests.

Bevilacqua had the final say on what to do with priests accused of abuse, transferred many of them to new parishes and dressed down anyone who complained, according to testimony. He also ordered the shredding of a 1994 list that Lynn prepared, warning that the archdiocese had three diagnosed pedophiles, a dozen confirmed predators and another 20 possible abusers in its midst.

Church lawyers turned over a surviving copy of the list days after Bevilacqua died.

Lynn didn't react when the verdict was read, or acknowledge the siblings and other friends and relatives who have accompanied him to court for much of the three-month trial. Several of them were weeping.

The judge revoked his bail and he was taken to jail, although his lawyers plan to ask on Monday that he be granted house arrest until sentencing. No date was set, but the judge scheduled an Aug. 13 presentencing hearing.

The defense also pledged to appeal the conviction.

"He's upset. He's crushed. He's in custody and he didn't want anything else but to help kids," defense lawyer Jeffrey M. Lindy said.

With the verdict, after 13 days of deliberations, jurors concluded that prosecutors failed to show that Lynn was part of a conspiracy to move predator priests around.

The jury, however, did find that Lynn endangered the victim of defrocked priest Edward Avery, who pleaded guilty before trial to a 1999 sexual assault.

Lynn had deemed Avery "guilty" of an earlier complaint on the 1994 list, and helped steer him into an inpatient treatment program run by the archdiocese. But Lynn knew that Avery later was sent to live in a northeast Philadelphia parish, where the altar boy was assaulted.

The victim alleges that he was also assaulted by another priest and his Catholic school teacher. They are expected to be tried later this year.

After the verdict, the archdiocese apologized to clergy-abuse victims and said the church was on a "journey of reform and renewal that requires honesty and hope."

"We are committed to providing support and assistance to parishioners as they and the church seek to more deeply understand sexual violence, and to create an environment that is safe and welcoming to all, including past victims," read the church's statement, which did not reference Lynn directly.

Terence McKiernan, president of BishopAccountability.org, called the verdict "a watershed moment" in the priest sex-abuse crisis.

"Lynn was a smart, able manager who at any time could have called the police, warned parishes, or threatened to blow the whistle," McKiernan said. "He was not a helpless good guy. The only helpless people in this ongoing catastrophe were the children, the many hundreds of boys and girls who were sodomized and terrorized by the men Lynn managed."

More than 500 Roman Catholic priests have been convicted of abuse charges across the U.S., according to his group's count. Lynn is the first church official to be convicted for his administrative actions.

Defense lawyers say Lynn alone tried to document the complaints, get priests into treatment and alert the cardinal to the growing crisis. Church documents show therapists had called one accused priest a ticking "time bomb" and "powder keg."

During the 10-week trial, more than a dozen adults testified about wrenching abuse they said they suffered at the hands of revered priests.

A former seminarian said he was raped by a priest throughout high school at the priest's mountain house.

A nun testified that she and two female relatives were sexually abused by a priest described by a church official as "one of the sickest people I ever knew."

A troubled young man described being sexually assaulted in the church sacristy in 1999 by Avery after the 10-year-old altar boy served Mass. Avery is serving a 2 1/2- to five-year prison term.

"I can't explain the pain, because I'm still trying to figure it out today, but I have an emptiness where my soul should be," another accuser testified.

Seven men and five women sat on the jury, along with eight alternates. Many have ties to Catholic schools or parishes, but said they could judge the case fairly. There are about 1.5 million Catholics in the five-county archdiocese.

Defense lawyers argued that Lynn was merely a middle manager, and perhaps a fall guy for the archdiocese. Lynn himself, during three grueling days on the stand, mused about a question he was asked: "You want me to answer for the whole church?"

Jury foreman Isa Logan, a bank employee and deacon at his independent West Philadelphia church, said he'd have taken a court-martial during his Army service rather than follow unjust orders.

"I'm a human being before I'm a soldier," said Logan, a 35-year-old father of three.

He described the deliberations as sometimes tense.

Philadelphia prosecutors have been investigating the archdiocese for 10 years, since the national crisis erupted in the Boston archdiocese.

"I can assure you, as Monsignor Lynn sits in a holding cell right now, he got the message, and others will get the message as well," Williams said.

___

Associated Press writers JoAnn Loviglio and Kathy Matheson contributed to this report.

Associated Press

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IRA Financial Group Introduces Customized Self-Employed 401(k ...

Miami, FL (PRWEB) June 10, 2012

IRA Financial Group, the leading provider of self-employed retirement plans, introduces a specially customized self-employed 401(k) plan for self-employed professionals. A self-employed 401K Plan, also known as a solo 401K Plan or self-directed 401(k) plan offers one the ability to make annual contributions of up to $ 50,000 ($ 55,500 for those over the age of 50), borrow up to $ 50,000, as well as use his or her retirement funds to make almost any type of investment on their own tax-free and penalty free without requiring the consent of any custodian or person. Establishing a self-employed 401(k) retirement plan offers a self-employed individual a number of exciting tax, retirement, and investment advantages, stated Adam Bergman, a tax attorney with the IRA Financial Group. IRA Financial Groups self-employed 401K plan is unique and so popular because it is designed explicitly for the self-employed professional, stated Mr. Bergman.

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Posted: June 22nd, 2012
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Tagged with 401k, Custodian, customized, Fees, Financial, Group, Introduces, Plan, Professionals, Retirement, SelfEmployed, Solution

Categories: Uncategorized

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Friday, June 22, 2012

Penn researchers' study of phase change materials could lead to better computer memory

Penn researchers' study of phase change materials could lead to better computer memory [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 21-Jun-2012
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Contact: Evan Lerner
elerner@upenn.edu
215-573-6604
University of Pennsylvania

PHILADELPHIA -- Memory devices for computers require a large collection of components that can switch between two states, which represent the 1's and 0's of binary language. Engineers hope to make next-generation chips with materials that distinguish between these states by physically rearranging their atoms into different phases. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have now provided new insight into how this phase change happens, which could help engineers make memory storage devices faster and more efficient.

The research was conducted by Ritesh Agarwal, associate professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering in Penn's School of Engineering and Applied Science, along with members of his research group. A.T. Charlie Johnson, professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy in the School of Arts and Sciences, and Ju Li, now a professor of nuclear science and engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also contributed to the study.

Their research was published in the journal Science.

"For many years there has been a push to find memory storage that is at once scalable, non-volatile and fast," Agarwal said. "Phase change materials could meet all of those criteria, but the problem is that we don't know much about how these materials actually work."

Some kinds of memory, like a computer's RAM, can switch between states very quickly, allowing for the computation necessary to run programs. But this kind of memory is "volatile" in that it needs a constant supply of power to maintain its states. Other kinds of memory, like the kind found on a flash drive, is non-volatile in that it retains its data even after the power is turned off. This kind of memory, however, has low switching speeds. Researchers have long attempted to find a "universal memory" which combines both non-volatility and high switching speeds, along with scalability, the ability to store large amounts of data.

While there are other contenders, phase change materials, or PCMs, are ideal candidates for universal memory. PCM storage devices are now starting to become commercially available, but their efficiency is hindered by the fact that the actual mechanics of their phase change are not well understood.

The phases these PCMs switch between are different arrangements of their internal atomic structure. They begin in a crystalline phase, where their atoms are in an ordered lattice but can switch to a disordered, amorphous phase. The two phases provide much different levels of resistance to electrical current, which is why they are useful for memory storage.

"When you have atoms arranged in a periodic lattice, electrons can flow very easily as they essentially know what to expect," Agarwal said. "But in the amorphous phase, there is no long-range order; there's no way to predict the position of atoms going from one part of the material to the other. This scatters the electrons, leading to very high resistance."

It has been generally believed that the only way to switch between these two states involved heating, which allows the atoms to move out of their lattice positions as the material briefly melts, and rapid cooling, or "quenching," which solidifies the material into the amorphous phase without giving its atoms the chance to re-crystallize.

"Now we have shown that there is a way to achieve this transition without melting the material," Agarwal said. "We show that short electrical pulses of a few hundred nanosecond duration gradually induce disorder in the material until it amorphizes."

Their advance was made possible by fashioning a PCM into thin nanowires, rather than a more bulky counterpart. This enabled the researchers to observe the phase change as it happened using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope. Earlier researchers could only look at cross sections of their bulkier PCMs after the switching process was over.

By looking at the change in "real time," the Penn researchers could see what effect the electrical pulses were having at an atomic level of detail.

"The pulses create 'dislocations,' which are planes of atoms removed from the crystal pattern, disrupting the order locally on an atomic length scale," said Pavan Nukala, a co-author and member of the Agarwal group. "As we apply more and more pulses, the number of these dislocations start to increase."

"Eventually, the dislocations start to move down the nanowire in the direction of the current," Agarwal said. "At certain point, the number and density of dislocations becomes so huge that they jam in one spot."

Like a traffic jam on a highway, the dislocations continue to pile up at that spot as more and more move down the length of the nanowire. At a critical point, the increasing disorder causes the material to amorphize the wire at the location of the jam.

The amorphous region, which always forms at the point of the jam and cuts through the entire cross section of the nanowire, is proof that this dislocation-based mechanism is fundamentally different from the melt-quench mechanism. With melting, the amorphous part should have spread along the surface of the material, rather than cut through its cross section.

"Having the surface amorphize doesn't give us high resistance ratios because current can still travel through the crystalline interior," Agarwal said. "Cutting across the entire nanowire completely blocks the current, making for a much better memory devices.

"With surface melting, you can increase the resistance a few times at most, but our observation that the resistance increased by two or three orders of magnitude is another evidence of the new mechanism."

The PCM that researchers used in their study contained long tellurium-telluriumbonds that can easily slide apart, facilitating the planar dislocations that cause the material to amorphize.

The material, along with a better understanding of the mechanics of its phase change, will provide a starting point for picking the right qualities for future PCMs.

"If people think that melting is the only mechanism for phase change, then all the emphasis will be on making materials with low melting temperatures," Agarwal said. "But we've shown that we need to do something else, which is to also look for materials that can create dislocations easily."

###

In addition to Agarwal, Li, Johnson and Nukala, the research was conducted by Sung-Wook Nam, Hee-Suk Chung, Yu Chieh Lo, Liang Qi, Ye Lu and Yeonwoong Jung, all of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering in Penn Engineering.

The research was supported by Penn's Nano/Bio Interface Center, the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research and MIT's Materials Structures and Devices Center.



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Penn researchers' study of phase change materials could lead to better computer memory [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 21-Jun-2012
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Contact: Evan Lerner
elerner@upenn.edu
215-573-6604
University of Pennsylvania

PHILADELPHIA -- Memory devices for computers require a large collection of components that can switch between two states, which represent the 1's and 0's of binary language. Engineers hope to make next-generation chips with materials that distinguish between these states by physically rearranging their atoms into different phases. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have now provided new insight into how this phase change happens, which could help engineers make memory storage devices faster and more efficient.

The research was conducted by Ritesh Agarwal, associate professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering in Penn's School of Engineering and Applied Science, along with members of his research group. A.T. Charlie Johnson, professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy in the School of Arts and Sciences, and Ju Li, now a professor of nuclear science and engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also contributed to the study.

Their research was published in the journal Science.

"For many years there has been a push to find memory storage that is at once scalable, non-volatile and fast," Agarwal said. "Phase change materials could meet all of those criteria, but the problem is that we don't know much about how these materials actually work."

Some kinds of memory, like a computer's RAM, can switch between states very quickly, allowing for the computation necessary to run programs. But this kind of memory is "volatile" in that it needs a constant supply of power to maintain its states. Other kinds of memory, like the kind found on a flash drive, is non-volatile in that it retains its data even after the power is turned off. This kind of memory, however, has low switching speeds. Researchers have long attempted to find a "universal memory" which combines both non-volatility and high switching speeds, along with scalability, the ability to store large amounts of data.

While there are other contenders, phase change materials, or PCMs, are ideal candidates for universal memory. PCM storage devices are now starting to become commercially available, but their efficiency is hindered by the fact that the actual mechanics of their phase change are not well understood.

The phases these PCMs switch between are different arrangements of their internal atomic structure. They begin in a crystalline phase, where their atoms are in an ordered lattice but can switch to a disordered, amorphous phase. The two phases provide much different levels of resistance to electrical current, which is why they are useful for memory storage.

"When you have atoms arranged in a periodic lattice, electrons can flow very easily as they essentially know what to expect," Agarwal said. "But in the amorphous phase, there is no long-range order; there's no way to predict the position of atoms going from one part of the material to the other. This scatters the electrons, leading to very high resistance."

It has been generally believed that the only way to switch between these two states involved heating, which allows the atoms to move out of their lattice positions as the material briefly melts, and rapid cooling, or "quenching," which solidifies the material into the amorphous phase without giving its atoms the chance to re-crystallize.

"Now we have shown that there is a way to achieve this transition without melting the material," Agarwal said. "We show that short electrical pulses of a few hundred nanosecond duration gradually induce disorder in the material until it amorphizes."

Their advance was made possible by fashioning a PCM into thin nanowires, rather than a more bulky counterpart. This enabled the researchers to observe the phase change as it happened using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope. Earlier researchers could only look at cross sections of their bulkier PCMs after the switching process was over.

By looking at the change in "real time," the Penn researchers could see what effect the electrical pulses were having at an atomic level of detail.

"The pulses create 'dislocations,' which are planes of atoms removed from the crystal pattern, disrupting the order locally on an atomic length scale," said Pavan Nukala, a co-author and member of the Agarwal group. "As we apply more and more pulses, the number of these dislocations start to increase."

"Eventually, the dislocations start to move down the nanowire in the direction of the current," Agarwal said. "At certain point, the number and density of dislocations becomes so huge that they jam in one spot."

Like a traffic jam on a highway, the dislocations continue to pile up at that spot as more and more move down the length of the nanowire. At a critical point, the increasing disorder causes the material to amorphize the wire at the location of the jam.

The amorphous region, which always forms at the point of the jam and cuts through the entire cross section of the nanowire, is proof that this dislocation-based mechanism is fundamentally different from the melt-quench mechanism. With melting, the amorphous part should have spread along the surface of the material, rather than cut through its cross section.

"Having the surface amorphize doesn't give us high resistance ratios because current can still travel through the crystalline interior," Agarwal said. "Cutting across the entire nanowire completely blocks the current, making for a much better memory devices.

"With surface melting, you can increase the resistance a few times at most, but our observation that the resistance increased by two or three orders of magnitude is another evidence of the new mechanism."

The PCM that researchers used in their study contained long tellurium-telluriumbonds that can easily slide apart, facilitating the planar dislocations that cause the material to amorphize.

The material, along with a better understanding of the mechanics of its phase change, will provide a starting point for picking the right qualities for future PCMs.

"If people think that melting is the only mechanism for phase change, then all the emphasis will be on making materials with low melting temperatures," Agarwal said. "But we've shown that we need to do something else, which is to also look for materials that can create dislocations easily."

###

In addition to Agarwal, Li, Johnson and Nukala, the research was conducted by Sung-Wook Nam, Hee-Suk Chung, Yu Chieh Lo, Liang Qi, Ye Lu and Yeonwoong Jung, all of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering in Penn Engineering.

The research was supported by Penn's Nano/Bio Interface Center, the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research and MIT's Materials Structures and Devices Center.



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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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